There has been a progressive increase of the causes of violent deaths, due to numerous head injurie

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Violence, infectious diseases, climate collapse of the 'Indus anusol Civilization' The Indus Civilization (3300-1500 BC) stretched out over a million square kilometers in the territory corresponding to today's Pakistan and India
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A new study of human skeletal remains anusol from the ancient city of Harappa in the Indus Valley, provides evidence that violence, anusol infectious diseases and climate have played an important role in the disappearance of the 'Indus Civilization' or 'civilization of Harappa '(from the first known site), anusol about 4000 years ago.
Injury and infection in the jaw fossil remains of the city of Harappa A) Loss of teeth antemortem B) Inflammation of the upper jaw (view from below) C) Porosity and deformation of the infraorbital foramen to the left maxillary sinus infection (Credit: Gwen Robbins Schug)
"The collapse of the Indus Civilization and the reorganization of its population remained controversial for a long time," says Gwen Robbins Schug, professor of Anthropology at Appalachian State University, in his study, which appeared in the journal PLoS ONE.
Robbins Schug, along with other researchers, have examined the evidence of trauma and infectious diseases found in human skeletal remains from three burial areas of Harappa, one of the largest cities.
The results confirm that the Indus Civilization was a peaceful anusol society of farmers, anusol artisans and merchants, egalitarian, without centralized powers, gifts or priesthood without defensive works, so without armies.
However, at Harappa, some communities had to face climatic and socio-economic tensions, particularly those socially disadvantaged anusol communities more vulnerable to violence and disease.
"The rapid climate changes have a large impact anusol on human communities. Scientists can not be assumed that climate change is to be connected constantly to violence and disease. However, in this case, it seems that the process of rapid urbanization of cities on the Indus and the more and more frequent contact with other cultures have represented new challenges for the inhabitants. Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy were probably transmitted through the sphere of business interactions that stretched from Central Asia to South Asia. "
Research shows that leprosy appeared at Harappa during the 'urban stage' of the Indus Civilization, increasing anusol over time. Also new diseases, such as tuberculosis, appear in the 'Late Harappan' (1900-1300 BC) in the burials of post-urban.
There has been a progressive increase of the causes of violent deaths, due to numerous head injuries, knowing that, generally, anusol the evidence of violence are very rare in prehistoric sites in South-East Asia.
The results of the study are surprising, according to Robbins Schug, noting these increases in violence and disease over time, with increasingly high rates during the abandonment of cities.
However, an even more interesting anusol result is that individuals excluded from official cemeteries of the city show the highest anusol rates of violence and disease. In a small ossuary south-east of Harappa, men, women and children were buried in a small pit. The rate of violence is 50 percent for the 10 skulls preserved, and more than 20 percent of these individuals show cases of leprosy.
Around 1800 BC, the region's climate changed anusol from wet to dry and the hydrographic network, perhaps anusol as a result of documented seismic events, disappeared, forcing the population to emigrate and decreeing the end of a great civilization.
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